The effects of aging and hearing impairment on listening in noise.

The study investigates age-related decline in listening abilities, particularly in noisy environments, where the challenge lies in extracting meaningful information from variable sensory input (figure-ground segregation). The research focuses on peripheral and central factors contributing to this decline using a tone-cloud-based figure detection task. Results based on behavioral measures and event-related brain potentials (ERPs) indicate that, despite delayed perceptual processes and some deterioration in attention and executive functions with aging, the ability to detect sound sources in noise remains relatively intact. However, even mild hearing impairment significantly hampers the segregation of individual sound sources within a complex auditory scene. The severity of the hearing deficit correlates with an increased susceptibility to masking noise. The study underscores the impact of hearing impairment on auditory scene analysis and highlights the need for personalized interventions based on individual abilities.

Effectiveness of bio-effectors on maize, wheat and tomato performance and phosphorus acquisition from greenhouse to field scales in Europe and Israel: a meta-analysis.

Biostimulants (Bio-effectors, BEs) comprise plant growth-promoting microorganisms and active natural substances that promote plant nutrient-acquisition, stress resilience, growth, crop quality and yield. Unfortunately, the effectiveness of BEs, particularly under field conditions, appears highly variable and poorly quantified. Using random model meta-analyses tools, we summarize the effects of 107 BE treatments on the performance of major crops, mainly conducted within the EU-funded project BIOFECTOR with a focus on phosphorus (P) nutrition, over five years. Our analyses comprised 94 controlled pot and 47 field experiments under different geoclimatic conditions, with variable stress levels across European countries and Israel. The results show an average growth/yield increase by 9.3% (n=945), with substantial differences between crops (tomato > maize > wheat) and growth conditions (controlled nursery + field (Seed germination and nursery under controlled conditions and young plants transplanted to the field) > controlled > field). Average crop growth responses were independent of BE type, P fertilizer type, soil pH and plant-available soil P (water-P, Olsen-P or Calcium acetate lactate-P). BE effectiveness profited from manure and other organic fertilizers, increasing soil pH and presence of abiotic stresses (cold, drought/heat or salinity). Systematic meta-studies based on published literature commonly face the inherent problem of publication bias where the most suspected form is the selective publication of statistically significant results. In this meta-analysis, however, the results obtained from all experiments within the project are included. Therefore, it is free of publication bias. In contrast to reviews of published literature, our unique study design is based on a common standardized protocol which applies to all experiments conducted within the project to reduce sources of variability. Based on data of crop growth, yield and P acquisition, we conclude that application of BEs can save fertilizer resources in the future, but the efficiency of BE application depends on cropping systems and environments.

Microanatomical Changes in the Leaves of Arundo donax (L.) Caused by Potentially Toxic Elements from Municipal Sewage Sediment.

An open-field 3-year-long microplot experiment was set up with three micropropagated lines (SC Blossom, BFT Indiana, and STM Hajdúsági) of giant reed (Arundo donax L.). Plants were grown on a soil cover of a former sewage settling pond located in Debrecen Lovász-Zug, Hungary. Soil cover of the sewage sediment was moderately contaminated with various toxic elements (As, Ba, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn). The highest total concentration of examined toxic elements in leaves was found in the BFT Indiana line (∑326 mg/kg), while in the SC Blossom and STM Hajdúsági lines, ∑210 mg/kg and ∑182 mg/kg were measured, respectively. The highest Zn concentration (117 mg/kg) was found in the leaves of in BFT Indiana line and was 67% higher than that in SC Blossom and 95% more than in the STM Hajdúsági line. The BFT Indiana leaves showed typical signs of adaptation to heavy metal stress in the case of numerous micromorphometric characteristics. The extent of leaf mesophylls decreased, and the number of bulliform cells and phytoliths, as well as the sclerenchymatous stock, increased. The size of the vascular bundles was reduced. The size of the stomata decreased while the stomatal density increased. It can be concluded that the BFT Indiana line had the best adaptational response to heavy metal stress.

Energetically stable curve fitting to hyperelastic models based on uniaxial and biaxial tensile tests.

Hyperelastic constitutive laws in biomechanics are used to model soft tissues, and material model parameters are often determined by performing curve fitting on data from uniaxial or biaxial tensile tests. The strain energy function of the applied constitutive law must to be energetically stable; however, this condition is not inherently provided by most currently available models. This study provides a procedure to determine stable strain energy functions in a biaxial strain space based on either uniaxial or biaxial tensile tests. Instead of conservative, strain-independent conditions, a stability region is defined in the strain space based on the sample's tensile tests, thus allowing optimisation within a wider parameter space, resulting in better approximations. An extension of the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm incorporating user-defined stability constraints is proposed, and the constrained optimisation algorithm is applied to isotropic and anisotropic models. The uniqueness of solutions of the Fung model is also discussed. The material model parameters of stable solutions for soft tissue measurements from various literature sources are determined to demonstrate the proposed procedure. Applying appropriate constraints in the optimisation algorithm resulted in stable and physically permissible constrained solutions for the strain energy function, in contrast to the results of most unconstrained optimisation cases.

Auditory learning of recurrent tone sequences is present in the newborn's brain.

The seemingly effortless ability of our auditory system to rapidly detect new events in a dynamic environment is crucial for survival. Whether the underlying brain processes are innate is unknown. To answer this question, electroencephalography was recorded while regularly patterned (REG) versus random (RAND) tone sequences were presented to sleeping neonates. Regular relative to random sequences elicited differential neural responses after only a single repetition of the pattern indicating the existence of an innate capacity of the auditory system to detect auditory sequential regularities. We show that the newborn auditory system accumulates evidence only somewhat longer than the minimum amount determined by the ideal Bayesian observer model (the prediction from a variable-order Markov chain model) before detecting a repeating pattern. Thus, newborns can quickly form representations for regular features of the sound input, preparing the way for learning the contingencies of the environment.

Two effects of perceived speaker similarity in resolving the cocktail party situation - ERPs and functional connectivity.

Following a speaker in multi-talker environments requires the listener to separate the speakers' voices and continuously focus attention on one speech stream. While the dissimilarity of voices may make speaker separation easier, it may also affect maintaining the focus of attention. To assess these effects, electrophysiological (EEG) and behavioral data were collected from healthy young adults while they listened to two concurrent speech streams performing an online lexical detection task and an offline recognition memory task. Perceptual speaker similarity was manipulated on four levels: identical, similar, dissimilar, and opposite-gender speakers. Behavioral and electrophysiological data suggested that, while speaker similarity hinders auditory stream segregation, dissimilarity hinders maintaining the focus of attention by making the to-be-ignored speech stream more distracting. Thus, resolving the cocktail party situation poses different problems at different levels of perceived speaker similarity, resulting in different listening strategies.

Theta and alpha activity are differentially associated with physiological and rating scale measures of affective processing in adolescents with but not without ADHD.

Although atypical theta and alpha activity may be biomarkers of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) outcomes such as atypical affective processing and attention, the exact nature of the relations of these characteristics is unknown. We examined in age- and sex-matched adolescents (N = 132; Mage = 14.944, years, SD = .802) with and without ADHD, whether resting state (RS) theta and alpha power or theta and alpha event-related synchronization (ERS) during affect regulation (1) differ between adolescents with and without ADHD; (2) are differentially associated with event-related potential (ERP) and parent- and self-report measures of affective processing and inattention, given ADHD status and sex, and (3) are differentially lateralized, given ADHD status and sex. Adolescents with ADHD exhibited lower RS frontal-midline alpha power than adolescents without ADHD. In adolescents with ADHD, right parietal theta ERS was positively associated with the ERP measure of elaborate affective/motivational processing and right parietal RS alpha power was negatively associated with self-reported positive affectivity. In adolescents without ADHD, associations were nonsignificant. There was no disassociation of theta and alpha activity with affective processing and inattention. Consistent with clinical impressions, the between-group difference in frontal-midline theta ERS was more marked in boys than girls.

Early maturation of sound duration processing in the infant's brain.

The ability to process sound duration is crucial already at a very early age for laying the foundation for the main functions of auditory perception, such as object perception and music and language acquisition. With the availability of age-appropriate structural anatomical templates, we can reconstruct EEG source activity with much-improved reliability. The current study capitalized on this possibility by reconstructing the sources of event-related potential (ERP) waveforms sensitive to sound duration in 4- and 9-month-old infants. Infants were presented with short (200 ms) and long (300 ms) sounds equiprobable delivered in random order. Two temporally separate ERP waveforms were found to be modulated by sound duration. Generators of these waveforms were mainly located in the primary and secondary auditory areas and other language-related regions. The results show marked developmental changes between 4 and 9 months, partly reflected by scalp-recorded ERPs, but appearing in the underlying generators in a far more nuanced way. The results also confirm the feasibility of the application of anatomical templates in developmental populations.

Synchrony to a beat predicts synchrony with other minds.

Synchrony has been used to describe simple beat entrainment as well as correlated mental processes between people, leading some to question whether the term conflates distinct phenomena. Here we ask whether simple synchrony (beat entrainment) predicts more complex attentional synchrony, consistent with a common mechanism. While eye-tracked, participants listened to regularly spaced tones and indicated changes in volume. Across multiple sessions, we found a reliable individual difference: some people entrained their attention more than others, as reflected in beat-matched pupil dilations that predicted performance. In a second study, eye-tracked participants completed the beat task and then listened to a storyteller, who had been previously recorded while eye-tracked. An individual's tendency to entrain to a beat predicted how strongly their pupils synchronized with those of the storyteller, a corollary of shared attention. The tendency to synchronize is a stable individual difference that predicts attentional synchrony across contexts and complexity.

Examination of Different Sporidium Numbers of Ustilago maydis Infection on Two Hungarian Sweet Corn Hybrids' Characteristics at Vegetative and Generative Stages.

Corn smut is one of the major diseases in corn production. The cob infection causes high economic and quality loss. This research investigated the effects of three different concentrations of corn smut infection (2500, 5000, and 10,000 sporidia/mL) on two Hungarian sweet corn hybrids (Desszert 73 and Noa). Plants were infected at the vegetative (V4-V5) and the generative (V7) stages. The effects of the corn smut infection were evaluated at 7 and 14 days after the pathogen infection (DAPI) at vegetative and at 21 DAPI at generative stages. The photosynthetic pigments (relative chlorophyll, chlorophyll-a and b, and carotenoids), malondialdehyde (MDA), and proline concentration, activities of the antioxidant enzymes [ascorbate peroxidase (APX), guaiacol peroxidase (POX), and superoxide dismutase (SOD)], morphological characteristics (plant height, stem and cob diameter, cob length, cob and kernel weights), mineral contents (Al, B, Ca, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Pb, S, Sr, and Zn), and quality parameters (dry matter, fiber, fat, ash, nitrogen, and protein) were measured. At both sampling times (7 and 14 DAPI) in both hybrids, the corn smut infection reduced the photosynthetic pigments (relative chlorophyll, chlorophylls-a, and b, and carotenoids) irrespective of the spore concentration. Under the same conditions, the MDA and proline contents, as well as the activities of APX, POX, and SOD increased at both sampling times. The negative effects of the corn smut infection were also observed at the generative stage. Only the 10,000 sporidia/mL of corn smut caused symptoms (tumor growth) on the cobs of both hybrids at 21 DAPI. Similarly, this treatment impacted adversely the cob characteristics (reduced cob length, kernel weight, and 100 grains fresh and dry weight) for both hybrids. In addition, crude fat and protein content, Mg, and Mn concentration of grains also decreased in both hybrids while the concentration of Al and Ca increased. Based on these results, the sweet corn hybrids were more susceptible to corn smut at the vegetative stage than at the generative stage.

Speech prosody supports speaker selection and auditory stream segregation in a multi-talker situation.

To process speech in a multi-talker environment, listeners need to segregate the mixture of incoming speech streams and focus their attention on one of them. Potentially, speech prosody could aid the segregation of different speakers, the selection of the desired speech stream, and detecting targets within the attended stream. For testing these issues, we recorded behavioral responses and extracted event-related potentials and functional brain networks from electroencephalographic signals recorded while participants listened to two concurrent speech streams, performing a lexical detection and a recognition memory task in parallel. Prosody manipulation was applied to the attended speech stream in one group of participants and to the ignored speech stream in another group. Naturally recorded speech stimuli were either intact, synthetically F0-flattened, or prosodically suppressed by the speaker. Results show that prosody - especially the parsing cues mediated by speech rate - facilitates stream selection, while playing a smaller role in auditory stream segmentation and target detection.

Iron Status Affects the Zinc Accumulation in the Biomass Plant Szarvasi-1.

Thinopyrum obtusiflorum (syn. Elymus elongatus subsp. ponticus) cv. Szarvasi-1 (Poaceae, Triticeae) is a biomass plant with significant tolerance to certain metals. To reveal its accumulation capacity, we investigated its Zn uptake and tolerance in a wide range: 0.2 to 1000 µM Zn concentration. The root and shoot weight, shoot length, shoot water content and stomatal conductance proved to be only sensitive to the highest applied Zn concentrations, whereas the concentration of malondialdehyde increased only at the application of 1 mM Zn in the leaves. Although physiological status proved to be hardy against Zn exposure, shoot Zn content significantly increased in parallel with the applied Zn treatment, reaching the highest Zn concentration at 1.9 mg g-1 dry weight. The concentration of K, Mg and P considerably decreased in the shoot at the highest Zn exposures, where that of K and P also correlated with a decrease in water content. Although the majority of microelements remained unaffected, Mn decreased in the root and Fe content had a negative correlation with Zn both in the shoot and root. In turn, the application of excessive EDTA maintained a proper Fe supply for the plants but lowered Zn accumulation both in roots and shoots. Thus, the Fe-Zn competition for Fe chelating phytosiderophores and/or for root uptake transporters fundamentally affects the Zn accumulation properties of Szarvasi-1. Indeed, the considerable Zn tolerance of Szarvasi-1 has a high potential in Zn accumulation.

Do we parse the background into separate streams in the cocktail party?

In the cocktail party situation, people with normal hearing usually follow a single speaker among multiple concurrent ones. However, there is no agreement in the literature as to whether the background is segregated into multiple streams/speakers. The current study varied the number of concurrent speech streams and investigated target detection and memory for the contents of a target stream as well as the processing of distractors. A male-voiced target stream was either presented alone (single-speech), together with one male-voiced distractor (one-distractor), or a male- and a female-voiced distractor (two-distractor). Behavioral measures of target detection and content tracking performance as well as target- and distractor detection related event-related brain potentials (ERPs) were assessed. We found that the N2 amplitude decreased whereas the P3 amplitude increased from the single-speech to the concurrent speech streams conditions. Importantly, the behavioral effect of distractors differed between the conditions with one vs. two distractor speech streams and the non-zero voltages in the N2 time window for distractor numerals and in the P3 time window for syntactic violations appearing in the non-target speech stream significantly differed between the one- and two-distractor conditions for the same (male) speaker. These results support the notion that the two background speech streams are segregated, as they show that distractors and syntactic violations appearing in the non-target streams are processed even when two speech non-target speech streams are delivered together with the target stream.

[The effect of intraocular pressure on refractive power of the cornea and the human eye, based on the Liou-Brennan model eye]. / A szemnyomás változásának hatása a szaruhártya és a szem töroerejére a Liou­Brennan-modellszem alapján.

INTRODUCTION: It is a clinical experience that with significantly higher intraocular pressure, glass ordering may be inaccurate, therefore, it should be performed after adjustment of intraocular pressure. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the effect of intraocular pressure on the refractive power of the cornea and of the eye, using geometrical properties of the Liou-Brennan model eye and finite element modeling. METHODS: Using corneal parameters of the Liou-Brennan model eye, a parametric geometrical model and with these data finite element modelling, using the Ansys (Ansys, Canonsburg, PA, USA) program, has been performed. Corneal tissue properties have been defined based on trilinear material model of Wollensak and boundary conditions based on Pandolfi. The effect of changes in intraocular pressure on geometrical corneal properties with optical impact (corneal curvature at the anterior and posterior corneal surface at the optical center and axial displacement of the anterior and posterior corneal surface points at the optical center) have been analyzed. Based on the geometric characteristics obtained, using the paraxial ray tracing method, changes in the optical properties of the cornea and the eye have been calculated. RESULTS: With increasing intraocular pressure load, anterior and posterior central corneal radius of curvature decreased and corneal surface points at the optical center at the anterior and posterior surface moved forwards, the cornea thinned. Axial displacement of corneal volume points was maximal for all pressure load values at the optical center of the posterior corneal surface. The refractive power of the cornea decreased as eye pressure increased, while the refractive power of the entire eye increased. CONCLUSION: We verified using the Liou-Brennan model eye and finite element modelling that a change of the intraocular pressure load between 10 and 30 mmHg may result in 0.31-0.86 mm decrease of the corneal radius of curvature, in 1.5-4.8 D increase in the keratometric values and in about 1.2-3.9 D increase in the total optical power of the eye. A decrease of 0.14 D to 0.69 D has been measured in the corneal optical power in the examined eye pressure range. Orv Hetil. 2022; 163(47): 1872-1879.

Effects of individualized brain anatomies and EEG electrode positions on inferred activity of the primary auditory cortex.

Due to its high temporal resolution and non-invasive nature, electroencephalography (EEG) is considered a method of great value for the field of auditory cognitive neuroscience. In performing source space analyses, localization accuracy poses a bottleneck, which precise forward models based on individualized attributes such as subject anatomy or electrode locations aim to overcome. Yet acquiring anatomical images or localizing EEG electrodes requires significant additional funds and processing time, making it an oftentimes inaccessible asset. Neuroscientific software offers template solutions, on which analyses can be based. For localizing the source of auditory evoked responses, we here compared the results of employing such template anatomies and electrode positions versus the subject-specific ones, as well as combinations of the two. All considered cases represented approaches commonly used in electrophysiological studies. We considered differences between two commonly used inverse solutions (dSPM, sLORETA) and targeted the primary auditory cortex; a notoriously small cortical region that is located within the lateral sulcus, thus particularly prone to errors in localization. Through systematical comparison of early evoked component metrics and spatial leakage, we assessed how the individualization steps impacted the analyses outcomes. Both electrode locations as well as subject anatomies were found to have an effect, which though varied based on the configuration considered. When comparing the inverse solutions, we moreover found that dSPM more consistently benefited from individualization of subject morphologies compared to sLORETA, suggesting it to be the better choice for auditory cortex localization.

Fentanyl but Not Morphine or Buprenorphine Improves the Severity of Necrotizing Acute Pancreatitis in Rats.

Opioids are widely used for the pain management of acute pancreatitis (AP), but their impact on disease progression is unclear. Therefore, our aim was to study the effects of clinically relevant opioids on the severity of experimental AP. Various doses of fentanyl, morphine, or buprenorphine were administered as pre- and/or post-treatments in rats. Necrotizing AP was induced by the intraperitoneal injection of L-ornithine-HCl or intra-ductal injection of Na-taurocholate, while intraperitoneal caerulein administration caused edematous AP. Disease severity was determined by laboratory and histological measurements. Mu opioid receptor (MOR) expression and function was assessed in control and AP animals. MOR was expressed in both the pancreas and brain. The pancreatic expression and function of MOR were reduced in AP. Fentanyl post-treatment reduced necrotizing AP severity, whereas pre-treatment exacerbated it. Fentanyl did not affect the outcome of edematous AP. Morphine decreased vacuolization in edematous AP, while buprenorphine pre-treatment increased pancreatic edema during AP. The overall effects of morphine on disease severity were negligible. In conclusion, the type, dosing, administration route, and timing of opioid treatment can influence the effects of opioids on AP severity. Fentanyl post-treatment proved to be beneficial in AP. Clinical studies are needed to determine which opioids are best in AP.

Novel curve fitting method based on constrained optimization for the modelling of human brain aneurysms using Mooney-Rivlin hyperelastic materials in the entire range of deformations til rupture.

PURPOSE: Brain aneurysms often prove fatal if ruptured, therefore, understanding their mechanical behaviour in the coupled system of vessels and blood flow can significantly help preventive surgical treatment. The purpose of this work was to analyse measurement data and to determine material parameters for the hyperelastic Mooney-Rivlin model for model building and numerical simulations of aneurysms. METHODS: A total of 88 human brain aneurysm specimens of 41 patients obtained from surgery were processed in this work based on the tests performed by the authors in a previous project. A novel algorithm was proposed and applied in this work to fit stress-stretch ratio curves for multiple measurement data using constrained optimization with hard conditions to comply with known mechanical behaviour. RESULTS: The method produced parameters of stretch ratio-stress curves for a number of groups of the specimens representing the average as well as the extreme stresses, separately for male and female subsamples. Stretch range both in compression and in tension up to rupture was covered and material stability for the entire range was also verified. CONCLUSIONS: The fitted curves with recommended range of validity are directly applicable to numerical finite element or coupled simulations of aneurysms supporting preventive medical treatment or decision making.

Examination of the Productivity and Physiological Responses of Maize (Zea mays L.) to Nitrapyrin and Foliar Fertilizer Treatments.

Nutrient stress has been known as the main limiting factor for maize growth and yield. Nitrapyrin, as a nitrification inhibitor-which reduces nitrogen loss-and foliar fertilizer treatments have been successfully used to enhance the efficiency of nutrient utilization, however, the impacts of these two technologies on physiological development, enzymatic responses, and productivity of maize are poorly studied. In this paper, the concentration of each stress indicator, such as contents of proline, malondialdehyde (MDA), relative chlorophyll, photosynthetic pigments, and the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) were measured in maize leaf tissues. In addition, biomass growth, as well as quantitative and qualitative parameters of yield production were examined. Results confirm the enhancing impact of nitrapyrin on the nitrogen use of maize. Furthermore, lower activity of proline, MDA, SOD, as well as higher photosynthetic activity were shown in maize with a more favorable nutrient supply due to nitrapyrin and foliar fertilizer treatments. The obtained findings draw attention to the future practical relevance of these technologies that can be implemented to enhance the physiological development and productivity of maize. However, this paper also highlights the importance of irrigation, as nutrient uptake from soil by the crops decreases during periods of drought.

Cultivar Differences in the Biochemical and Physiological Responses of Common Beans to Aluminum Stress.

Soil conditions leading to high levels of available aluminum are detrimental to plant growth, but data are limited on genotypic differences in tolerance to aluminum stress in some crops. The aim of this study was to examine the morphological, biochemical, and physiological changes in roots and shoots of 25 common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars (Pinto market class) under aluminum (Al) treatment. Additionally, this study aimed to assess the range of responses amongst the common bean cultivars relative to their Al toxicity tolerance and sensitivity. Plants were grown hydroponically using a simplified nutrient solution with or without 20 µM AlCl3. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), activities of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and guaiacol peroxidase (POD), and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration, an indicator of lipid peroxidation, were measured to establish the effects of Al treatment on the plants. In addition, growth parameters such as shoot and root dry weight, root-to-shoot ratio, root elongation, and root volume changes were also investigated. The cultivar effect was significant for all the measured parameters, except for shoot dry weight. Inhibition of the root and shoot dry weight for selected common bean cultivars shows that the response of common bean to Al stress is genotype-specific. Additionally, Al-induced root elongation inhibition and root volume changes varied among the cultivars. Most cultivars had significantly higher SOD activity (20 of 25 cultivars) and POD activity (12 cultivars) under AlCl3 treatment compared to the controls. A positive significant correlation was observed between MDA and ROS, showing that Al stress induced the accumulation of ROS along with an increase in lipid peroxidation. According to the results of this study, Arapaho and AC Island cultivars could potentially be used in the future production of common beans under Al stress. Therefore, these two cultivars could also be included in Al tolerance breeding programs.